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Theoretical pricing
The formulas presented below are theoretical. Contango protocol uses similar formulas by taking advantage of the trader's margin to make futures in DeFi more capital-efficient (see the protocol pricing section).

# Theory

In TradFi, futures on currencies are priced using the well-known interest rate parity relationship. Given the quote currency can be borrowed or lent at the yearly fixed rate
$r_{Q}$
, the base currency at the yearly rate
$r_{B}$
and given a spot price
$S$
then the theoretical price
$P_{th}$
to buy or sell 1 futures expiring in a time
$T$
is given by:
$P_{th}=S*{ \bigg( \dfrac{1+r_{Q}}{1+r_{B}} \bigg) }^T$
The pricing formula above is adapted from from "Options, futures and other derivatives", 6th edition, John C. Hull, Chapter 5 on futures pricing.

## Example

Let's consider a contract on ETHDAI expiring in 3 months (
$T=0.25$
) where the spot price is
$S=100 \: DAI$
. Given the yearly fixed interest rate on the quote currency
$DAI$
is
$r_{Q}=10\%$
and on the base currency
$ETH$
is
$r_{Q}=3\%$
then the theoretical price to buy or sell 1 futures would be:
$P_{th}=100*{ \bigg( \dfrac{1+0.1}{1+0.03} \bigg) }^{0.25}=101.66\: DAI$

# Derived formula

In the section, a more realistic formula is derived. Taking the example of the currency pair ETHDAI, it is supposed that:
• the quote currency is borrowed at the yearly fixed rate
$r_{Q,b}$
, e.g. borrow
$DAI$
• the quote currency is lent at the yearly fixed rate
$r_{Q,l}$
, e.g. lend
$DAI$
• the base currency is borrowed at the yearly fixed rate
$r_{B,b}$
, e.g. borrow
$ETH$
• the base currency is lent at the yearly fixed rate
$r_{B,l}$
, e.g. lend
$ETH$
• the base currency is bought at the spot price
$S_{L}$
, e.g. buy
$ETH$
by selling
$DAI$
• the base currency is sold at the spot price
$S_{S}$
, e.g. sell
$ETH$
to buy
$DAI$
.
The table below provides the theoretical prices at which a trader can go long or short a futures:
Theoretical short price
Theoretical long price
$P_{th,S}=S_{S}*{ \bigg( \dfrac{1+r_{Q,l}}{1+r_{B,b}} \bigg) }^T$
$P_{th,L}=S_{L}*{ \bigg( \dfrac{1+r_{Q,b}}{1+r_{B,l}} \bigg) }^T$
It could be noticed that, the tighter the spread between the borrowing and lending rates and the tighter the spread on the spot price then the tighter the spread between the futures prices to go long and short.

## Example

Let's consider a contract on ETHDAI expiring in 3 months (
$T=0.25$
) :
• Given one could borrow DAI at a yearly fixed rate of
$r_{Q,b}=10.10\%$
​, lend ETH at a yearly fixed rate
$r_{B,l}=2.90\%$
and buy ETH on the spot market at
$S_{L}=100.10$
, the price to go long on 1 futures would be:
$P_{th,L}=100.10*{ \bigg( \dfrac{1+0.1010}{1+0.0290} \bigg) }^{0.25}=101.81 \: DAI$
• Given one could borrow ETH at a yearly fixed rate of
$r_{B,b}=3.10\%$
​, lend DAI at a yearly fixed rate of
$r_{Q,l}=9.90\%$
and sell ETH on the spot market at
$S_{S}=99.90$
, the price to go short would be:
$P_{th,S}=99.90*{ \bigg( \dfrac{1+0.0990}{1+0.0310} \bigg) }^{0.25}=101.51\: DAI$

# Price equilibrium

If the price of a futures is above or under the theoretical formula then an arbitrage condition arises. Since market participants can take advantage of this "free lunch", by using significant amounts of money, prices are brought back to their theoretical formulas. In the examples below, where the same numerical assumptions as in the example above are kept, the two arbitrages to bring the price at equilibrium are presented.

## Futures price above $P_{th,S}$​

Let's say the price to sell 1 futures is
$110.00 \: DAI$
instead of
$P_{th,S}=101.51 \: DAI$
. An arbitrageur could:
• Borrow now
$10000.00 \: DAI$
. In 3 months
$10000*{(1.11)}^{0.25}=10243.46 \: DAI$
need to be given back.
• Convert now those
$10000\: DAI$
to
$10000 /100.10=99.90\: ETH$
.
• Invest now the
$99.90\: ETH$
to receive
$99.90*{(1.029)}^{0.25}=100.62 \: ETH$
​ in 3 months.
• Sell now futures contract for a quantity of
$100.62 \: ETH$
for a price of
$100.62*110=11067.83 \: DAI$
.​
• Deliver the
$100.62 \: ETH$
at expiry to get
$11067.83 \: DAI$
for a cost of
$10243.46 \: DAI$
, locking-in a risk-free profit of
$824.37\:DAI$
.
This arbitrage could be done with much bigger amounts and would disappear when the futures price is brought back to its theoretical pricing.

## Futures price under $P_{th,L}$​

Let's say the price to buy 1 futures is
$90.00 \: DAI$
instead of
$P_{th,L}=101.81 \: DAI$
. An arbitrageur could:
• Borrow now
$100 \:ETH$
. In 3 months
$100*{(1.029)}^{0.25}=100.77 \: ETH$
​ need to be given back.
• Convert now those
$100\: ETH$
to
$100*99.9=9990 \: DAI$
.
• Invest now those DAIs to receive
$100000*{(1.099)}^{0.25}=10228.57\: DAI$
in 3 months.​
• Buy now futures contract for a quantity of
$100.77 \: ETH$
for a price of
$100.77*90=9975.85 \:DAI$
.
• At expiry, the trader would receive
$10228.57\: DAI$
from lending and use
$9975.85 \:DAI$
to buy the
$100.77 \: ETH$
needed to reimburse the debt, locking-in a risk-free profit of
$252.72\:DAI$
.
This arbitrage could be done with much bigger amounts and would disappear when the futures price is brought back to its theoretical pricing.
Last modified 1mo ago
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Example
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Futures price above
Futures price under